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  µ¿½ÃÁ¢¼ÓÀÚ:     078
 
ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ : 14/12/03
2015³âµµ ¼ö´É ¿Ü±¹¾î ¿µ¿ª 38¹ø Çؼ³
 ±Û¾´ÀÌ : songgok
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   2015-38.hwp (79.5K)


2015³â ¼ö´É ¿Ü±¹¾î ¿µ¿ª 38¹ø Á¤´ä ¹× Çؼ³ - ¼Õ¹ü½Ä
 
38. ±ÛÀÇ È帧À¸·Î º¸¾Æ, ÁÖ¾îÁø ¹®ÀåÀÌ µé¾î°¡±â¿¡ °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °÷À» °í¸£½Ã¿À.
 
[The researchers had made this happen by lengthening the period of daylight to which the peach trees on whose roots the insects fed were exposed.]
 
Exactly how cicadas keep track of time has always intrigued researchers, and it has always been assumed that the insects must rely on an internal clock. Recently, however, one group of scientists working with the 17-year cicada in California have suggested that the nymphs use an external cue and that they can count. ( ¨ç ) For their experiments they took 15-year-old nymphs and moved them to an experimental enclosure. ( ¨è ) These nymphs should have taken a further two years to emerge as adults, but in fact they took just one year. ( ¨é ) By doing this, the trees were ¡°tricked¡± into flowering twice during the year rather than the usual once. ( ¨ê ) Flowering in trees coincides with a peak in amino acid concentrations in the sap that the insects feed on. ( ¨ë ) So it seems that the cicadas keep track of time by counting the peaks.    *nymph: ¾Ö¹ú·¹   ** sap: ¼ö¾×
  
1. ³»¿ëÇ®ÀÌ
ÁÖ¾îÁø ¹®Àå¿¡¼­ÀÇ this´Â ½ÇÇè °á°ú(¾Ö¹ú·¹°¡ ¸Å¹Ì ¼ºÃ¼·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â µ¥ 2³âÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó 1³â¸¸ °É·È´Ù´Â °Í)¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÑ´Ù. ÁÖ¾îÁø ¹®ÀåÀº ½ÇÇè °á°úÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¿øÀÎÀ¸·Î¼­ ½ÇÇè °á°úÀÇ ¹Ù·Î µÚ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Å¸´çÇÏ°í, ÁÖ¾îÁø ¹®Àå ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ÁÖ¾îÁø ¹®Àå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¼³¸íÀÌ À̾îÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÁÖ¾îÁø ¹®ÀåÀÇ À§Ä¡·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °÷Àº ¨éÀÌ´Ù.
 
2. ±¸¹®Çؼ³
¢¿ [The researchers had made this happen by lengthening the period of daylight to which the peach trees (on whose roots the insects fed) were exposed.]  ¡ØThe researchers had made this happen:¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÌ ÀÏÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ°Ô Çß´Ù(5Çü½Ä) ¡Øby lengthening the period of daylight:ºû¿¡ (³ëÃâµÇ´Â)±â°£À» ´Ã¸²À¸·Î½á(by~ing:~ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, lengthen:±æ°Ô ÇÏ´Ù, ´Ã¸®´Ù) ¡Øto which the peach trees were exposed:ºÀ¼þ¾Æ ³ª¹«°¡ ÇÞºû¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ´Ù.(=and the peach trees were exposed to the daylight)  ¡Øbe exposed to:~¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ´Ù. ¡Ø(on whose roots the insects fed):(=and the insects fed on the roots of the peach trees) :±× °ïÃæµéÀº º¹¼þ¾Æ ³ª¹«ÀÇ »Ñ¸®¸¦ ¸Ô°í »ê´Ù ¡Øfeed on:~À» ¸Ô°í »ì´Ù(live on) ¡Øwhose roots = the roots of the peach trees: whose´Â ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý °ü°è´ë¸í»ç ¡çÀÌÇØ °¡½Ã³ª¿ä?   ¢Ñ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº ±× »Ñ¸®¸¦ °ïÃæµéÀÌ ¸Ô´Â º¹¼þ¾Æ³ª¹«°¡ ÇÞºû¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ´Â ±â°£À» ´Ã·Á¼­ ÀÌ ÀÏÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ°Ô Çß´Ù.   ¢¿¢¿¢¿
 
¨ç [Exactly how cicadas keep track of time has always intrigued researchers, and it has always been assumed that the insects must rely on an internal clock.]  ¡Øhow cicadas keep track of time:(ÁÖ¾îºÎ:¸Å¹Ì°¡ ½Ã°£À» ¾î¶»°Ô ÃßÀûÇÏ´Â Áö´Â) ¡Økeep track of:~À» ÃßÀûÇÏ´Ù. ~À» ÆľÇÇÏ´Ù. ¡Øhas always intrigued:Ç×»ó È£±â½ÉÀ» ÀھƳ´Ù(ÇöÀç¿Ï·á) ¡Øintrigue:(~¿¡°Ô)È£±â½ÉÀ» ÀھƳ»´Ù, Èï¹Ì¸¦ À̲ø´Ù. ¡Øhas always been assumed that~:±×°Í(¸Å¹Ì)´Â Ç×»ó thatÀÌÇ϶ó°í ¿©°ÜÁ® ¿Ô´Ù(ÇöÀç¿Ï·á¼öµ¿Çü) ¡Øassume:ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù, °¡Á¤ÇÏ´Ù, ¿©±â´Ù. ¡Ømust:ÃßÃø(~ÀÓ¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù) ¡Ørely on:~¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Ù(depend on = be dependent on = count on = lean on = fall back on) ¡Øan internal clock:ü³»½Ã°è     ¢ÑÁ¤È®È÷ ¾î¶»°Ô ¸Å¹Ì°¡ ½Ã°£À» ÃßÀûÇÏ´ÂÁö´Â Ç×»ó ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀÇ È£±â½ÉÀ» ÀھƳ»¾úÀ¸¸ç ±× °ïÃæÀº ü³» ½Ã°è¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Æ²¸²¾ø´Ù°í Ç×»ó ¿©°ÜÁ® ¿Ô´Ù.
 
¨è [Recently, however, one group of scientists (working with the 17-year cicada in California) have suggested ¨Íthat the nymphs use an external cue ¨Îand that they can count.] ¡Øone group of scientists:ÇÑ °úÇÐÀÚ Áý´Ü(ÁÖ¾î) ¡Øworking with the 17-year cicada in California:one group of scientists¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â Çü¿ë»ç±¸ ¡Ønymph:¾Ö¹ú·¹ ¡Øan external cue:¿ÜºÎÀÇ ½ÅÈ£(cue:½ÅÈ£, ½Ç¸¶¸®) ¡Øcount:¼ö¸¦ ¼¼´Ù(they=nymphs)  ¡ØsuggestÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀýÀº µÎ °³ ¨Í¿Í ¨Î.  ¢ÑÇÏÁö¸¸ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ California¿¡¼­ 17³â ¸Å¹Ì¸¦ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â ÇÑ °úÇÐÀÚ Áý´ÜÀº ¾Ö¹ú·¹µéÀÌ ¿ÜºÎÀÇ ½ÅÈ£¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸ç ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¼ö¸¦ ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ½Ã»çÇß´Ù.
 
¨é [For their experiments they took 15-year-old nymphs and moved them to an experimental enclosure.]  ¡ØFor their experiments:½ÇÇèÀ» À§ÇØ ¡Øan experimental enclosure:½ÇÇè¿ë ±¸¿ª(enclosure:¿ï, ¿ïŸ¸®, ºÀÀÔÇÑ °Í)   ¢Ñ½ÇÇèÀ» À§ÇØ ±×µéÀº 15³â ¹¬Àº ¾Ö¹ú·¹¸¦ Àâ¾Æ¼­ ½ÇÇè¿ë ±¸¿ªÀ¸·Î ¿Å°å´Ù.
 
¨ê [These nymphs should have taken a further two years to emerge as adults, but in fact they took just one year.]   ¡Øshould have p.p:~Çß¾î¾ß Çߴµ¥ ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ¡Øto emerge as adults:¼ºÃ¼·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª±â À§ÇØ ¡Øemerge:³ªÅ¸³ª´Ù, ÃâÇöÇÏ´Ù(emergence:ÃâÇö, emergency:ºñ»ó»çÅÂ), adult:¼ºÃ¼, ¼ºÀΠ   ¢ÑÀÌ ¾Ö¹ú·¹µéÀº ¼ºÃ¼·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª·Á¸é 2³âÀÌ ´õ ÇÊ¿äÇß¾î¾ß ÇßÁö¸¸, »ç½ÇÀº ºÒ°ú 1³â¸¸ °É·È´Ù.
 
¨ë [The researchers had made this happen by lengthening the period of daylight to which the peach trees (on whose roots the insects fed) were exposed.]  ¡ØThe researchers had made this happen:¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÌ ÀÏÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ°Ô Çß´Ù(5Çü½Ä) ¡Øby lengthening the period of daylight:ºû¿¡ (³ëÃâµÇ´Â)±â°£À» ´Ã¸²À¸·Î½á(by~ing:~ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, lengthen:±æ°Ô ÇÏ´Ù, ´Ã¸®´Ù) ¡Øto which the peach trees were exposed:ºÀ¼þ¾Æ ³ª¹«°¡ ÇÞºû¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ´Ù.(=and the peach trees were exposed to the daylight)  ¡Øbe exposed to:~¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ´Ù. ¡Ø(on whose roots the insects fed):(=and the insects fed on the roots of the peach trees) :±× °ïÃæµéÀº º¹¼þ¾Æ ³ª¹«ÀÇ »Ñ¸®¸¦ ¸Ô°í »ê´Ù ¡Øfeed on:~À» ¸Ô°í »ì´Ù(live on) ¡Øwhose roots = the roots of the peach trees: whose´Â ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý °ü°è´ë¸í»ç ¡çÀÌÇØ °¡½Ã³ª¿ä?   ¢Ñ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº ±× »Ñ¸®¸¦ °ïÃæµéÀÌ ¸Ô´Â º¹¼þ¾Æ³ª¹«°¡ ÇÞºû¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ´Â ±â°£À» ´Ã·Á¼­ ÀÌ ÀÏÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ°Ô Çß´Ù.
 
¨ì [By doing this, the trees were ¡°tricked¡± into flowering twice during the year rather than the usual once.]   ¡Øby doing this:ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¡Øbe tricked into:~Çϵµ·Ï ¼ÓÀÓÀ» ´çÇÏ´Ù. ¡Ørather than:~¶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â ¡Øusual once:Æò¼ÒÀÇ Çѹø    ¢ÑÀÌ ÀÏÀ» ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ³ª¹«µéÀº ¡®¼Ó¾Æ¼­¡¯ ±× ÇØ¿¡ Æò¼ÒÀÇ ÇÑ ¹øÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ µÎ ¹ø ²ÉÀ» ÇÇ¿ü´Ù.
 
¨í [Flowering in trees coincides with a peak in amino acid concentrations in the sap that the insects feed on.]  ¡ØFlowering in trees:³ª¹«¿¡¼­ ²ÉÀÌ ÇÇ´Â °ÍÀº(flower:²ÉÀÌ ÇÇ´Ù) ¡Øcoincide with:~°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Ù. ¡Øcoincide:µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀϾ´Ù, ~°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Ù(with) ¡Øamino acid concentrations:¾Æ¹Ì³ë»ê ³óµµ ¡Øpeak:ÃÖ°íÁ¡ ¡Øconcentration:³óµµ, ³óÃà, ÁýÁß ¡Øthat:¸ñÀû°Ý °ü°è´ë¸í»ç ¡Øfeed on:~À» ¸Ô°í »ì´Ù(live on)     ¢Ñ³ª¹«¿¡ ²ÉÀÌ ÇÇ´Â °ÍÀº ±× °ïÃæµéÀÌ ¸Ô´Â ¼ö¾×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»ê ³óµµÀÇ ÃÖ°íÁ¡°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù.
 
¨î [So it seems that the cicadas keep track of time by counting the peaks.]  ¡Ø(´Ü¼øºÎÁ¤»ç) =The cicadas seem to keep track of time by counting the peaks.) ¡ØIt seems that~:~ÀÎ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Ù.(seems to) ¡Økeep track of:~À» ÃßÀûÇÏ´Ù. ¡Øby~ing:~ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á.  ¢Ñ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸Å¹Ì´Â ±× ÃÖ°íÁ¡ÀÇ ¼ö¸¦ ¼¼¾î ½Ã°£À» ÃßÀûÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.
 
3. ´Ü¾îÁ¤¸®
*keep track of:~À» ÃßÀûÇÏ´Ù,~À» µÚÂÑÀÚ *intrigue:È£±â½ÉÀ» ÀھƳ»´Ù *internal:³»ºÎÀÇ *external:¿ÜºÎÀÇ *cue:½ÅÈ£, ´Ü¼­, ½Ç¸¶¸® *enclosure:(¿ïŸ¸®·Î ÃÄ ³õÀº) ±¸¿ª, °æ³», ¿ï, ¿ïŸ¸® *emerge ³ªÅ¸³ª(emergence:ÃâÇö, ¹ß»ý/emergency:ºñ»ó»çÅÂ) *trick:¼ÓÀÌ´Ù *coincide:µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀϾ´Ù, ~°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Ù(with) *peak:ÃÖ°íÁ¡ *concentration:³óµµ, ³óÃà, ÁýÁß
 
4. Àü¹®Çؼ®
Á¤È®È÷ ¾î¶»°Ô ¸Å¹Ì°¡ ½Ã°£À» ÃßÀûÇÏ´ÂÁö´Â Ç×»ó ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀÇ È£±â½ÉÀ» ÀھƳ»¾úÀ¸¸ç ±× °ïÃæÀº ü³» ½Ã°è¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Æ²¸²¾ø´Ù°í Ç×»ó ¿©°ÜÁ® ¿Ô´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ California¿¡¼­ 17³â ¸Å¹Ì¸¦ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â ÇÑ °úÇÐÀÚ Áý´ÜÀº ¾Ö¹ú·¹µéÀÌ ¿ÜºÎÀÇ ½ÅÈ£¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸ç ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¼ö¸¦ ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ½Ã»çÇß´Ù. ½ÇÇèÀ» À§ÇØ ±×µéÀº 15³â ¹¬Àº ¾Ö¹ú·¹¸¦ Àâ¾Æ¼­ ½ÇÇè¿ë ±¸¿ªÀ¸·Î ¿Å°å´Ù. ÀÌ ¾Ö¹ú·¹µéÀº ¼ºÃ¼·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª·Á¸é 2³âÀÌ ´õ ÇÊ¿äÇß¾î¾ß ÇßÁö¸¸, »ç½ÇÀº ºÒ°ú 1³â¸¸ °É·È´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº ±× »Ñ¸®¸¦ °ïÃæµéÀÌ ¸Ô´Â º¹¼þ¾Æ³ª¹«°¡ ÇÞºû¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ´Â ±â°£À» ´Ã·Á¼­ ÀÌ ÀÏÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ°Ô Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÏÀ» ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ³ª¹«µéÀº ¡®¼Ó¾Æ¼­¡¯ ±× ÇØ¿¡ Æò¼ÒÀÇ ÇÑ ¹øÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ µÎ ¹ø ²ÉÀ» ÇÇ¿ü´Ù. ³ª¹«¿¡ ²ÉÀÌ ÇÇ´Â °ÍÀº ±× °ïÃæµéÀÌ ¸Ô´Â ¼ö¾×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»ê ³óµµÀÇ ÃÖ°íÁ¡°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸Å¹Ì´Â ±× ÃÖ°íÁ¡ÀÇ ¼ö¸¦ ¼¼¾î ½Ã°£À» ÃßÀûÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.
 
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