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34. ´ÙÀ½ ºóÄ¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¸»·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀ» °í¸£½Ã¿À.[3Á¡]
Like many errors and biases that seem irrational on the surface, auditory looming turns out, on closer examination, to be pretty smart. Animals like rhesus monkeys have evolved the same bias. This intentional error functions as an advance warning system, manned by the self-protection subself, providing individuals with a margin of safety when they are confronted with potentially dangerous approaching objects. If you spot a rhinoceros or hear an avalanche speeding toward you, auditory looming will motivate you to jump out of the way now rather than wait until the last second. The evolutionary benefits of immediately getting out of the way of approaching dangers were so strong that natural selection endowed us ¡ª and other mammals ¡ª with brains that . Although this kind of bias might inhibit economically rational judgment in laboratory tasks, it leads us to behave in a deeply rational manner in the real world. Being accurate is not always smart. *avalanche: ´«»çÅÂ
¨ç intentionally see and hear the world inaccurately
¨è are geared to evaluate aural information precisely
¨é deliberately make rational yet ineffective decisions
¨ê prompt us to overlook dangers without thinking rationally
¨ë accurately detect, but irrationally ignore, approaching dangers
1. ³»¿ëÇ®ÀÌ
û°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î (À§ÇèÀÌ) ¾î·ÅDzÀÌ ºÒ¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ´Ù°¡¿À´Â °ÍÀº(auditory looming)Àº Á¤È®ÇÏÁö´Â ¾ÊÁö¸¸ Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î À§ÇèÀ» ÇÇÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â Á¶±â°æº¸Ã¼Á¦ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϸç, ÀÌ°ÍÀÇ À¯ÀüÀûÀÎ ÀÌÁ¡Àº ³Ê¹«µµ °·ÂÇÏ¿© ÀÚ¿¬ ¼±ÅÃÀº Àΰ£°ú Æ÷À¯·ù°¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÆíÇ⼺À» °íÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾î³»´Â µÎ³ú¸¦ ºÎ¿©Çß´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ±ÛÀÇ ¿äÁöÀ̹ǷΠºóÄ¿¡´Â ¨ç ¡®¼¼»óÀ» °íÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ°Ô º¸°í µè´Â¡¯ÀÌ °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÔ. ¨è û°¢ÀûÀÎ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Æò°¡Çϵµ·Ï ¸ÂÃçÁø ¨é °íÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÌÁö¸¸ ºñÈ¿À²ÀûÀÎ °áÁ¤À» ÇÏ´Â ¨ê ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í À§ÇèÀ» °£°úÇϵµ·Ï ºÎÃß±â´Â ¨ë ´Ù°¡¿À´Â À§ÇèÀ» Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô °¨ÁöÇÏÁö¸¸ ºñÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â
2. ±¸¹®Çؼ³
¨ç [Like many errors and biases that seem irrational on the surface, auditory looming turns out, on closer examination, to be pretty smart. Animals like rhesus monkeys have evolved the same bias.] ¡Øbias:ÆíÇâ, ¼ºÇâ, Æí°ß, ÇÑÂÊÀ¸·Î Ä¡¿ìÄ¡´Ù ¡Øthat:ÁÖ°Ý°ü°è´ë¸í»ç ¡Øseem irrational:ºñÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â(rational:À̼ºÀûÀÎ, ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ) ¡Øon the surface:¿Ü°ß»óÀ¸·Î, Ç¥¸é»óÀ¸·Î ¡Øauditory looming:û°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î (À§ÇèÀÌ) ¾î·ÅDzÀÌ ºÒ¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ´Ù°¡¿À´Â °Í ¡Øturns out:ÆǸíµÇ´Ù(prove). ÀÔÁõµÇ´Ù. ¡Øon closer examination:´õ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ °üÂûÇØ º¸¸é ¡Ørhesus[ri¢°səs] monkey: ºÓÀºÅÐ ¿ø¼þÀÌ ¢ÑÇ¥¸é»ó ºñÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â ¸¹Àº ¿À·ù¿Í ÆíÇâµéó·³ û°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î (À§ÇèÀÌ) ¾î·ÅDzÀÌ ºÒ¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ´Ù°¡¿À´Â °ÍÀº ´õ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ °üÂûÇغ¸¸é ¾ÆÁÖ Çö¸íÇÑ °ÍÀÓÀÌ ÀÔÁõµÈ´Ù. ºÓÀºÅÐ ¿ø¼þÀÌ¿Í °°Àº µ¿¹°µéÀº ¶È°°Àº ÆíÇâÀ» ¹ß´Þ½ÃÄÑ¿Ô´Ù.
¨è [This intentional error functions as an advance warning system, (being) manned by the self-protection subself, providing individuals with a margin of safety when they are confronted with potentially dangerous approaching objects.] ¡ØThis intentional error:ÀÌ·± °íÀÇÀûÀÎ ¿À·ù ¡Øfunctions as:~·Î¼ ±â´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ¡Ø(being) manned by:~À»°®Ãß°í(=which is manned by) ¡Øman:~¿¡ ÀοøÀ» ¹èÄ¡ÇÏ´Ù. ¡Øthe self-protection subself:Àڱ⺸ȣ ÁØÀÚ¾Æ ¡Øproviding individuals with a margin of safety:°³Àο¡°Ô ¾ÈÀü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿©Áö¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù(and it provides~) ¡Øa margin of safety:¾ÈÀü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿©Áö ¡Øbe confronted with:¢¦¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ´Ù.(=be faced with) ¡Øpotentially dangerous approaching objects:ÀáÀçÀûÀ¸·Î À§ÇèÇÑ ¹°Ã¼°¡ ´Ù°¡¿À´Â °Í ¢ÑÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °íÀÇÀûÀÎ ¿À·ù´Â Á¶±â°æº¸Ã¼Á¦¿Í °°Àº ±â´ÉÀ» Çϴµ¥, Àڱ⺸ȣ ÁØÀÚ¾Æ(ñÞí»ä²)¸¦ °®Ãß°í¼ ÀáÀçÀûÀ¸·Î À§ÇèÇÑ ¹°Ã¼°¡ ´Ù°¡¿À´Â °Í¿¡ Á÷¸éÇßÀ» ¶§ °³Ã¼µé¿¡°Ô ¾ÈÀü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿©Áö¸¦ Á¦°øÇØÁØ´Ù.
¨é [If you spot a rhinoceros or hear an avalanche speeding toward you, auditory looming will motivate you to jump out of the way now rather than wait until the last second.] ¡Ørhesus[ri¢°səs] monkey: ºÓÀºÅÐ ¿ø¼þÀÌ ¡Øspot:¹ß°ßÇÏ´Ù. ŽÁöÇÏ´Ù. ¡Øavalanche: ´«»çÅ ¡Ømotivate: ~¿¡°Ô µ¿±â¸¦ ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Ù. ¡Øjump out of the way:±æ¿¡¼ »¡¸® ÇÇÇÏ´Ù. ¹þ¾î³ª´Ù. ¡Ørather than wait until the last second:¸¶Áö¸· ¼ø°£±îÁö ±â´Ù¸®±â º¸´Ù´Â (rather than+µ¿»ç¿øÇü) ¢Ñ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ÄÚ»Ô¼Ò¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇϰųª ´«»çÅ°¡ ¿©·¯ºÐ¿¡°Ô ¼Óµµ¸¦ ³»¸ç ´Ù°¡¿À´Â °ÍÀ» µéÀ» ¶§, û°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î (À§ÇèÀÌ) ¾î·ÅDzÀÌ ºÒ¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ´Ù°¡¿À´Â °ÍÀº ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸· ¼ø°£±îÁö ±â´Ù¸®±âº¸´Ù Áö±Ý (À§Çè¿¡¼) »¡¸® ¶ÙÃijª¿À´Â µ¿±â¸¦ ºÎ¿©ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¨ê [The evolutionary benefits of immediately getting out of the way of approaching dangers were so strong that natural selection endowed us ¡ª and other mammals ¡ª with brains that intentionally see and hear the world inaccurately.] ¡ØThe evolutionary benefits of immediately getting out of the way of approaching dangers:´Ù°¡¿À´Â À§ÇèÀ¸·Î Áï½Ã ÇÇÇÏ´Â À¯ÀüÀûÀÎ ÀÌÁ¡ ¡ØThe evolutionary benefits of:~ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀüÀûÀÎ ÀÌÁ¡ ¡Øso ~ that:³Ê¹« ~Çؼ ~ÇÏ´Ù. ¡Øendow A with B:A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Ù. ¡Ønatural selection endowed¡ªand other mammals¡ªwith brains that~:ÀÚ¿¬¼±ÅÃÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°¿¡°Ô ~ÇÏ´Â µÎ³ú´Â ºÎ¿©Çß´Ù. ¡Øbrains that intentionally see and hear the world inaccurately:°íÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¼¼»óÀ» º¸°í µè´Â µÎ³ú(that:ÁÖ°Ý°ü°è´ë¸í»ç) ¢Ñ´Ù°¡¿À´Â À§ÇèÀ» Áï½Ã ÇÇÇÏ´Â À¯ÀüÀû ÀÌÁ¡Àº ¾ÆÁÖ °·ÂÇÏ¿© ÀÚ¿¬ ¼±ÅÃÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ Æ÷À¯·ù¿¡°Ô ¼¼»óÀ» °íÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ°Ô º¸°í µè´Â µÎ³ú¸¦ ºÎ¿©Çß´Ù.
¨ë [Although this kind of bias might inhibit economically rational judgment in laboratory tasks, it leads us to behave in a deeply rational manner in the real world. Being accurate is not always smart.] ¡Øthis kind of bias:ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ÆíÇâ ¡Øinhibit:±ÝÁöÇÏ´Ù.(prohibit, prevent, hinder) ¡Øeconomically rational judgment:°æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î À̼ºÀûÀÎ ÆÇ´Ü ¡Øin laboratory tasks:½ÇÇè½ÇÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷(ÀÏ) ¡Ølead ~to: ~°¡ ~Çϵµ·Ï ÇØÁÖ´Ù. ¡Øin a deeply rational manner:¸Å¿ì ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¡ØBeing accurate:Á¤È®ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ(µ¿¸í»ç ÁÖ¾î + ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç) ¡Ønot always:(ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤)Ç×»ó ~ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¢ÑÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ÆíÇâÀº ½ÇÇè½ÇÀÇ °ú¾÷¿¡¼ °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ÀúÇØÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸®°¡ ½ÇÁ¦ ¼¼»ó ¿¡¼ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÇൿÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù. Á¤È®ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ Ç×»ó Çö¸íÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
3. ´Ü¾îÁ¤¸®
*bias:ÆíÇâ, ¼ºÇâ, Æí°ß, ÇÑÂÊÀ¸·Î Ä¡¿ìÄ¡´Ù. *irrational:ºñÇÕ¸®ÀûÀΡêrational *auditory:û°¢ÀûÀÎ *looming:(À§ÇèÀÌ)¾î·ÅDzÀÌ ºÒ¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ´Ù°¡¿À´Â °Í, ¾î·ÅDzÀÌ º¸À̱⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â *rhesus[ri¢°səs] monkey: ºÓÀºÅÐ ¿ø¼þÀÌ *intentional: °íÀÇÀûÀÎ *advance warning system:Á¶±â°æº¸Ã¼Á¦ *manned by: ~À» °®Ãá(man: ~¿¡ ÀοøÀ» ¹èÄ¡ÇÏ´Ù.) *subself:ÁØÀÚ¾Æ *evolutionary:ÁøÈÀÇ, À¯ÀüÀÇ *margin:¿©Áö, Â÷ÀÌ *rhinocero[rainɑ́s-ərə]:ÄÚ»Ô¼Ò *natural selection:ÀÚ¿¬¼±Åà *inhibit:ÀúÇØÇÏ´Ù, ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Ù *be geared to:~Çϵµ·Ï ¸ÂÃçÁö´Ù. *ineffective:ºñÈ¿À²ÀûÀÎ
4. Àü¹®Çؼ®
Ç¥¸é»ó ºñÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â ¸¹Àº ¿À·ù¿Í ÆíÇâµéó·³ û°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î (À§ÇèÀÌ) ¾î·ÅDzÀÌ ºÒ¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ´Ù°¡¿À´Â °ÍÀº ´õ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ °üÂûÇغ¸¸é ¾ÆÁÖ Çö¸íÇÑ °ÍÀÓÀÌ ÀÔÁõµÈ´Ù. ºÓÀºÅÐ ¿ø¼þÀÌ¿Í °°Àº µ¿¹°µéÀº ¶È°°Àº ÆíÇâÀ» ¹ß´Þ½ÃÄÑ¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °íÀÇÀûÀÎ ¿À·ù´Â Á¶±â°æº¸Ã¼Á¦¿Í °°Àº ±â´ÉÀ» Çϴµ¥, Àڱ⺸ȣ ÁØÀÚ¾Æ(ñÞí»ä²)¸¦ °®Ãß°í¼ ÀáÀçÀûÀ¸·Î À§ÇèÇÑ ¹°Ã¼°¡ ´Ù°¡¿À´Â °Í¿¡ Á÷¸éÇßÀ» ¶§ °³Ã¼µé¿¡°Ô ¾ÈÀü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿©Áö¸¦ Á¦°øÇØÁØ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ÄÚ»Ô¼Ò¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇϰųª ´«»çÅ°¡ ¿©·¯ºÐ¿¡°Ô ¼Óµµ¸¦ ³»¸ç ´Ù°¡¿À´Â °ÍÀ» µéÀ» ¶§, û°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î (À§ÇèÀÌ) ¾î·ÅDzÀÌ ºÒ¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ´Ù°¡¿À´Â °ÍÀº ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸· ¼ø°£±îÁö ±â´Ù¸®±âº¸´Ù Áö±Ý (À§Çè¿¡¼) »¡¸® ¶ÙÃijª¿À´Â µ¿±â¸¦ ºÎ¿©ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù°¡¿À´Â À§ÇèÀ» Áï½Ã ÇÇÇÏ´Â À¯ÀüÀû ÀÌÁ¡Àº ¾ÆÁÖ °·ÂÇÏ¿© ÀÚ¿¬ ¼±ÅÃÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ Æ÷À¯·ù¿¡°Ô ¼¼»óÀ» °íÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ°Ô º¸°í µè´Â µÎ³ú¸¦ ºÎ¿©Çß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ÆíÇâÀº ½ÇÇè½ÇÀÇ °ú¾÷¿¡¼ °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ÀúÇØÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸®°¡ ½ÇÁ¦ ¼¼»ó ¿¡¼ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÇൿÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù. Á¤È®ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ Ç×»ó Çö¸íÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
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