¼Û°î´åÄÄÀ» ½ÃÀÛÆäÀÌÁö·Î      ¼Û°î´åÄÄÀ» Áñ°Üã±â¿¡ 

| ÇÁ·ÎÇÊ | ¹ø¿ª | Àϱâ | ÆíÁö | Ç¥Çö | È°¿ë | ±âÃâÁö | 2015 | 14(B) | 14(A) | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | ½Ç¿ë | new | ¼º¹® | Q&A | »çÁø |

| ÁÖÀýÁÖÀý | ÀÚÀ۽à|







  µ¿½ÃÁ¢¼ÓÀÚ:     0155
 
ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ : 13/11/29
2014 ¼ö´É ¿Ü±¹¾î ¿µ¿ª(BÇü) 32¹ø Çؼ³
 ±Û¾´ÀÌ : songgok
Á¶È¸ : 6,543  
   2014(B)-32.hwp (52.0K)


2014³â ¼ö´É ¿Ü±¹¾î ¿µ¿ª(BÇü) 32¹ø Á¤´ä ¹× Çؼ³ - ¼Õ¹ü½Ä
 
32. ´ÙÀ½ ºóÄ­¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¸»·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀ» °í¸£½Ã¿À.[3Á¡]
 
The success of human beings depends crucially on numbers and connections. A few hundred people cannot sustain a sophisticated technology. Recall that Australia was colonized 45,000 years ago by pioneers spreading east from Africa along the shore of Asia. The vanguard of such a migration must have been small in number and must have traveled comparatively light. The chances are they had only a sample of the technology available to their relatives back at the Red Sea crossing. This may explain why Australian aboriginal technology, although it developed and elaborated steadily over the ensuing millennia, was lacking in so many features of the Old World ¡ª elastic weapons, for example, such as bows and catapults, were unknown, as were ovens. It was not that they were ¡®primitive¡¯or that they had mentally regressed; it was that they and did not have a dense enough population and therefore a large enough collective brain to develop them much further.                                                                               *catapult: Åõ¼®±â
 
¨ç were too tightly connected to develop new technologies
¨è focused on developing and elaborating elastic weapons
¨é had arrived with only a subset of technologies
¨ê inherited none of their relatives¡¯ technologies in Africa
¨ë failed to transfer their technical insights to the Old World
 
1. ³»¿ëÇ®ÀÌ
ÀηùÀÇ ¼º°øÀº ¼ýÀÚ¿Í °ü°è¿¡ Á¿ìµÈ´Ù°í Çϸ鼭 óÀ½ È£ÁÖ·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±× ¼ýÀÚ°¡ ¸Å¿ì Àû¾ú°í, ±×µéÀÌ °¡Áö°í °£ ±â¼úÀº °ßº»¿¡ ºÒ°úÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ È£ÁÖ ¿øÁֹεéÀÇ ±â¼ú¿¡´Â ±¸¼¼°èÀÇ ±â¼úÀÌ °¡Áø ¸¹Àº Ư¡µéÀÌ °á¿©µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀÇ ±ÛÀ̹ǷÎ, ºóÄ­¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¸»·Î ¨é ¡®´ÜÁö ±â¼úÀÇ ÀϺκи¸ °¡Áö°í µµÂøÇß´Ù¡¯°¡ °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÔ. ¨ç ³Ê¹« ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô °ü·ÃÀ» ¸Î°í À־ »õ·Î¿î ±â¼úÀ» °³¹ßÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¨è ź¼º ¹«±â¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ°í Á¤±³È­ ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÁýÁßÇß´Ù. ¨ê ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« µ¿Á·µéÀÇ ±â¼úÀ» Çϳªµµ ¹°·Á¹ÞÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ¨ë ±×µéÀÇ ±â¼úÀûÀÎ ¾È¸ñÀ» ±¸¼¼°è¿¡ Àü´ÞÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù
 
2. ±¸¹®Çؼ³
¨ç [The success of human beings depends crucially on numbers and connections. A few hundred people cannot sustain a sophisticated technology.]    ¡ØThe success of human beings:ÀηùÀÇ ¼º°ø  ¡Ødepends on:~¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Ù, ÀÇÁöÇÏ´Ù.(be dependent on=rest on=count on=rely on)  ¡Øcrucially:°áÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î  ¡Ønumbers and connections:¼ýÀÚ¿Í °ü°è ¡Øsustain:À¯ÁöÇÏ´Ù. ¶°¹ÞÄ¡´Ù. ¡Øa sophisticated technology:Á¤±³ÇÑ ±â¼ú(sophisticate:Á¤±³ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Ù. sophisticated:Á¤±³ÇÑ)     ¢ÑÀηùÀÇ ¼º°øÀº °áÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ýÀÚ¿Í °ü°è¿¡ Á¿ìµÈ´Ù. ¸î ¹é ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¤±³ÇÑ ±â¼úÀ» À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
 
¨è [Recall that Australia was colonized 45,000 years ago by pioneers (who were) spreading east from Africa along the shore of Asia.]    ¡Ørecall:±â¾ïÇÏ´Ù. »ó±âÇÏ´Ù. ¡Øbe colonized by:½Ä¹ÎÁöÈ­ µÇ´Ù. ¡Øcolonize:½Ä¹ÎÁö·Î ¸¸µé´Ù. ¡Øpioneer:°³Ã´ÀÚ ¡Øspreading east from Africa along the shore of Asia:¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÇؾÈÀ» µû¶ó µ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¼¼·ÂÀ» ³ÐÈù        ¢ÑÈ£ÁÖ°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÇؾÈÀ» µû¶ó µ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¼¼·ÂÀ» ³ÐÇû´ø °³Ã´Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ 45,000³â Àü¿¡ ½Ä¹ÎÁö·Î °³Ã´µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» µ¹ÀÌÄѺ¸ÀÚ.
 
¨é [The vanguard of such a migration must have been small in number and must have traveled comparatively light.]    ¡ØThe vanguard of such a migration:ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÁÖÀÇ ¼±¹ß´ë(vanguard:¼±ºÀ, ¼±µÎÀÚ, migration:ÀÌÁÖ, À̹Î)   ¡Ømust have been small in number: ¼öÀûÀ¸·Î ¸Å¿ì Àû¾úÀ½¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù. ¡Ømust have p.p:~À̾úÀ½¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù. ¡Øtravel light:°¡º±°Ô ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Ù. ¡Øcomparatively:ºñ±³Àû      ¢ÑÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÁÖÀÇ ¼±¹ß´ë´Â ¼ýÀÚ°¡ ¸Å¿ì Àû¾úÀ½¿¡ Ʋ¸²ÀÌ ¾ø°í ºñ±³Àû ÁüÀ» °¡º±°Ô Çؼ­ ´Ù³æÀ½¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù
 
¨ê [The chances are (that) they had only a sample of the technology available to their relatives back at the Red Sea crossing.]     ¡ØThe chances are (that):~ÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¡Øa sample of the technology:±â¼úÀÇ °ßº»  ¡Øavailable to their relatives:µ¿Á·µéÀÌ ÀÌ¿ë °¡´É Çß´ø(available:ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ) ¡Ørelative:Ä£Á·, µ¿Á· ¡Øat the Red Sea crossing:È«Çظ¦ °Ç³Î ¶§       ¢Ñ±×µéÀº È«Çظ¦ °Ç³Î ´ç½ÃÀÇ µ¿Á·µéÀÌ ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇß´ø ±â¼úÀÇ °ßº»¸¸À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
 
¨ë [This may explain why Australian aboriginal technology, (although it developed and elaborated steadily over the ensuing millennia,) was lacking in so many features of the Old World ¡ª elastic weapons, for example, such as bows and catapults, were unknown, as were ovens.]     ¡ØThis may explain why~:ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ~ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡ØAustralian aboriginal technology:È£ÁÖ ¿øÁֹεéÀÇ ±â¼ú(aboriginal[©¡̀bəridʒənəl]:¿øÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ)  ¡Ølack in:~ÀÌ °á¿©µÇ´Ù.~ÀÌ ºÎÁ·ÇÏ´Ù. ¡Øso many features of the Old World:±¸¼¼°èÀÇ ¸Å¿ì ¸¹Àº Ư¡µé ¡Østeadily over the ensuing millennia:±× µÚ·Î õ³â ³Ñ°Ô ²ÙÁØÈ÷  ¡Øensuing:µÚÀÌÀº, ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ¡æensue[ensu:]:°è¼ÓÇؼ­[ÀÕµû¶ó] ÀϾ´Ù. ¡Ømillennia:õ³â ¡Øelastic weapons:ź¼º¹«±â(elastic:ź·Â ÀÖ´Â) ¡Øsuch as bows and catapults:È°°ú Åõ¼®±â °°Àº(catapult:Åõ¼®±â) ¡Øas were ovens:È­´ö(¼Ü, °¡¸¶)¶ÇÇÑ ±×·¸´Ù.(=as ovens were unknown to them)       ¢ÑÀÌ´Â ±×µé(È£ÁÖ ¿øÁֹεé)ÀÇ ±â¼úÀÌ ºñ·Ï ±× µÚ·Î õ ³âÀÌ ³Ñ°Ô ²ÙÁØÈ÷ ¹ßÀüÇß°í Á¤±³ÇØÁ³Áö¸¸, ¿Ö È£ÁÖ ¿øÁֹεéÀÇ ±â¼ú¿¡´Â ±¸¼¼°èÀÇ ¸Å¿ì ¸¹Àº Ư¡µéÀÌ °á¿©µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¼³¸íÇØ ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, È°°ú Åõ¼®±â °°Àº ź¼º ¹«±â´Â ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, È­´ö ¶Ç ÇÑ ±×·¨´Ù.
 
¨ì [ It was not that they were ¡®primitive¡¯or (not) that they had mentally regressed; it was that they had arrived with only a subset of technologies and did not have a dense enough population and therefore a large enough collective brain to develop them much further]           ¡Ønot that ¨Í but that ¨Î: ¨Í¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¨Î ¶§¹®¿¡[=not that ¨Í ; that ¨Î = not because ¨Í but because ¨Î]  ¡ç¿©±â¼­ ¼¼¹ÌÄÝ·Ð(;)Àº butÀ» ÀǹÌÇÔ   ¡Øcf)not ¨Í but ¨Î: ¨Í°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¨Î ¡Øa subset of technologies:±â¼úÀÇ ÀϺκÐ(subset:ºÎºÐÁýÇÕ)  ¡Øa dense enough population:ÃæºÐÈ÷ Á¶¹ÐÇÑ Àα¸(dense:¹ÐÁýÇÑ, Á¶¹ÐÇÑ  ¡Øa large enough collective brain:ÃæºÐÈ÷ °Å´ëÇÑ Áý´ÜÀûÀÎ ³ú(collective:Áý´ÜÀûÀÎ)  ¡Øto develop them much further:±×°Íµé(±â¼úµé)À» ÈξÀ ´õ ¹ßÀü½ÃÅ°±â¿¡ ¡Øºñ±³±Þ °­Á¶:much, still, even, far, a lot      ¢Ñ±×°ÍÀº ±×µéÀÌ ¡®¿ø½ÃÀû¡¯À̾ ¶Ç´Â ±×µéÀÌ Á¤½ÅÀûÀ¸·Î Åðº¸Çؼ­µµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ±×µéÀÌ ´ÜÁö ±â¼úÀÇ ÀϺκи¸ °¡Áö°í µµÂøÇß°í, ±× ±â¼úµéÀ» ÈξÀ ´õ ¹ßÀü½ÃÅ°±â¿¡ ÃæºÐÈ÷ Á¶¹ÐÇÑ Àα¸¿Í ±×·Î ÀÎÇØ ÃæºÐÈ÷ °Å´ëÇÑ Áý´ÜÀûÀÎ ³ú¸¦ °®°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
 
3. ´Ü¾îÁ¤¸®
*crucially:°áÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î *vanguard:¼±ºÀ, ¼±µÎ * aboriginal[©¡̀bəridʒənəl:¿øÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ, ÅäÂøÀÇ *elaborate[ilǽbərei]:Á¤±³ÇØÁö´Ù, Á¤±³ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé´Ù *ensuing:µÚÀÌÀº, ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ¡æensue[ensu¢°]:°è¼ÓÇؼ­[ÀÕµû¶ó] ÀϾ´Ù. *Old World:±¸(ÏÁ)¼¼°è (À¯·´, ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«) *elastic:ź¼ºÀÇ, ź·Â ÀÖ´Â *regress:Åðº¸ÇÏ´Ù *dense:(Àα¸°¡) Á¶¹ÐÇÑ *inherit:¹°·Á¹Þ´Ù. *technical insight:±â¼úÀûÀÎ ¾È¸ñ
 
4. Àü¹®Çؼ®
ÀηùÀÇ ¼º°øÀº °áÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ýÀÚ¿Í °ü°è¿¡ Á¿ìµÈ´Ù. ¸î ¹é ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¤±³ÇÑ ±â¼úÀ» À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. È£ÁÖ°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÇؾÈÀ» µû¶ó µ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¼¼·ÂÀ» ³ÐÇû´ø °³Ã´Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ 45,000³â Àü¿¡ ½Ä¹ÎÁö·Î °³Ã´µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» µ¹ÀÌÄѺ¸ÀÚ. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÁÖÀÇ ¼±¹ß´ë´Â ¼ýÀÚ°¡ ¸Å¿ì Àû¾úÀ½¿¡ Ʋ¸²ÀÌ ¾ø°í ºñ±³Àû ÁüÀ» °¡º±°Ô Çؼ­ ´Ù³æÀ½¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù. ±×µéÀº È«Çظ¦ °Ç³Î ´ç½ÃÀÇ µ¿Á·µéÀÌ ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇß´ø ±â¼úÀÇ °ßº»¸¸À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ±×µé(È£ÁÖ ¿øÁֹεé)ÀÇ ±â¼úÀÌ ºñ·Ï ±× µÚ·Î õ ³âÀÌ ³Ñ°Ô ²ÙÁØÈ÷ ¹ßÀüÇß°í Á¤±³ÇØÁ³Áö¸¸, ¿Ö È£ÁÖ ¿øÁֹεéÀÇ ±â¼ú¿¡ ´Â ±¸¼¼°èÀÇ ¸Å¿ì ¸¹Àº Ư¡µéÀÌ °á¿©µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¼³¸íÇØ ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, È°°ú Åõ¼®±â °°Àº ź¼º ¹«±â´Â ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, È­´ö ¶Ç ÇÑ ±×·¨´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ±×µéÀÌ ¡®¿ø½ÃÀû¡¯À̾ ¶Ç´Â ±×µéÀÌ Á¤½ÅÀûÀ¸·Î Åðº¸Çؼ­µµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ±×µéÀÌ ´ÜÁö ±â¼úÀÇ ÀϺκи¸ °¡Áö°í µµÂøÇß°í, ±× ±â¼úµéÀ» ÈξÀ ´õ ¹ßÀü½ÃÅ°±â¿¡ ÃæºÐÈ÷ Á¶¹ÐÇÑ Àα¸¿Í ±×·Î ÀÎÇØ ÃæºÐÈ÷ °Å´ëÇÑ Áý´ÜÀûÀÎ ³ú¸¦ °®°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
 
¼Û°î´åÄÄ(songgok.com) - ¼Õ¹ü½Ä
 
   
 

Copyright ¨Ï 1998, songgok.com by Bum-Sik Son. update 2011, All rights reserved.