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  µ¿½ÃÁ¢¼ÓÀÚ:     063
 
ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ : 11/11/21
2012Çг⵵ ¼ö´É ¿Ü±¹¾î ¿µ¿ª 30¹ø Çؼ³
 ±Û¾´ÀÌ : songgok
Á¶È¸ : 8,281  


 2012³â ¼ö´É ¿Ü±¹¾î ¿µ¿ª 30¹ø Çؼ³ - ¼Û°î´åÄÄ(songgok.com)
 
30. ´ÙÀ½ ºóÄ­¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¸»·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀ» °í¸£½Ã¿À[3Á¡].
 
Often in social scientific practice, even where evidence is used, it is not used in the correct way for adequate scientific testing. In much of social science, evidence is used only to affirm a particular theory ¡ª to search for the positive instances that uphold it. But these are easy to find and lead to the familiar dilemma in the social sciences where we have two conflicting theories, each of which can claim positive empirical evidence in its support but which come to opposite conclusions. How should we decide between them? Here the scientific use of evidence may help. For what is distinctive about science is the search for negative instances ¡ª the search for ways to falsify a theory, rather than to confirm it. The real power of scientific testability is negative, not positive. Testing allows us not merely to confirm our theories but to                                             .
 
¨ç ignore the evidence against them
¨è falsify them by using positive empirical evidence
¨é intensify the argument between conflicting theories
¨ê weed out those that do not fit the evidence
¨ë reject those that lack negative instances
 
1. ³»¿ëÇ®ÀÌ
»çȸ°úÇÐ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦¿¡ À־ ºÎÁ¤Àû Áõ°Å´Â ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ Æ²·ÈÀ½À» ÀÔÁõÇÏ¿© °¡¼³ÀÇ Å¸´ç¼ºÀ» °ËÁõÇϴµ¥ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀÇ ±ÛÀ̹ǷÎ, ºóÄ­¿¡´Â ¨ê ¡®±× Áõ°Å¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍµéÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÑ´Ù¡¯°¡ °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÔ.
 
2. ±¸¹®Çؼ³
[Testing allows us not merely to confirm our theories but to weed out those that do not fit the evidence]
*allow ~ to (confirm/weed out) *not merely ¨Í but also ¨Î = not only ¨Í but also ¨Î = ¨Î as well as ¨Í: ¨Í»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¨Î
 
3. ±¸¹®Çؼ³
[For what is distinctive about science is the search for negative instances ¡ª the search for ways to falsify a theory, rather than to confirm it]
* For: ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé * what: ¼±Çà»ç¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ °ü°è´ë¸í»ç(~ÇÑ °Í) * rather than: ~¶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â
 
4. ´Ü¾îÁ¤¸®
*practice ½ÇÁ¦, ½ÇÇà *affirm Áõ¸íÇØ º¸ÀÌ´Ù, È®ÀÎÇÏ´Ù *adequate scientific testing: ÀûÀýÇÑ °úÇÐÀû °ËÁõ *theory: ÀÌ·Ð *instance »ç·Ê, °æ¿ì *uphold ÁöÁöÇÏ´Ù, È®ÀÎÇÏ´Ù conflicting Ãæµ¹ÇÏ´Â, ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â *conclusion:°á·Ð *empirical °æÇèÀÇ, °æÇèÀûÀÎ *distinctive µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ, Ư¡ÀûÀÎ *falsify ~°ÅÁþÀ» ÀÔÁõÇÏ´Ù, À§Á¶ÇÏ´Ù, º¯Á¶ÇÏ´Ù *confirm ¿ÇÀ½À» Áõ¸íÇÏ´Ù, È®ÀÎÇÏ´Ù *rather than:~¶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â *testability:°ËÁõ¼º *allow ~ to (confirm/weed out) *not merely ¨Í but also ¨Î = not only ¨Í but also ¨Î = ¨Î as well as ¨Í: ¨Í»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¨Î *weed out=remove=get rid of = do away with: ~À» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù, ¾ø¾Ö´Ù.
 
4. Àü¹®Çؼ®
Áõ°Å°¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â(evidence is used) »çȸ°úÇÐ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦(social scientific practice)¿¡¼­ Á¶Â÷µµ ¶§¶§·Î ±×°ÍÀº ÀûÀýÇÑ °úÇÐÀû °ËÁõ(adequate scientific testing)À» À§ÇØ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô(in the correct way) È°¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. »çȸ °úÇп¡ À־ ¸¹Àº °æ¿ì(In much of social science), Áõ°Å´Â ƯÁ¤ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» Áõ¸íÇØ º¸À̱â À§Çؼ­¸¸(only to affirm a particular theory), Áï ±× ÀÌ·ÐÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ´Â(that uphold it) ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ »ç·ÊµéÀ» ã±â À§Çؼ­¸¸(to search for the positive instances) È°¿ëµÈ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀº ã±â ½±°í, »çȸ°úÇп¡¼­ ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁø µô·¹¸¶(the familiar dilemma)·Î ±Í°áµÇ´Âµ¥, °Å±â¿¡¼­(where) ¿ì¸®´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ »óÃæÇÏ´Â À̷еéÀ» º¸°Ô µÈ´Ù(we have two conflicting theories). ±×¸®°í ±× °¢°¢Àº(each of which) ÀÚ½ÅÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇØÁÖ´Â(in its support) ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °æÇèÀû Áõ°Å¸¦ ³»¼¼¿ìÁö¸¸(claim positive empirical evidence), °¢°¢ÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº Á¤¹Ý´ëÀÇ °á·Ð¿¡ À̸£°Ô µÈ´Ù(which come to opposite conclusions). ±× µÑ »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¶² ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©¾ß Çϴ°¡? ¿©±â¼­ Áõ°ÅÀÇ °úÇÐÀû È°¿ë(the scientific use of evidence)ÀÌ µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé(For) °úÇаú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© Ư¡ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº(what is distinctive about science) ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ »ç·ÊµéÀ» ã´Â °Í(the search for negative instances), Áï ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇϱ⺸´Ù(rather than to confirm it) ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±× ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ Æ²·ÈÀ½À» ÀÔÁõÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ý(ways to falsify a theory)µéÀ» ã´Â °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. °úÇÐÀû °ËÁõ¼ºÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ À§·Â(he real power of scientific testability)Àº ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °ËÁõÀº ¿ì¸®·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó(Testing allows us not merely to confirm our theories), (´õ¿í Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº) ±× Áõ°Å¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍµéÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϵµ·Ï ÇØÁÖ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ´Ù(but to weed out those that do not fit the evidence)
 
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