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  µ¿½ÃÁ¢¼ÓÀÚ:     0124
 
ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ : 12/02/14
2011Çг⵵ ¼ö´É ¿Ü±¹¾î ¿µ¿ª 24¹ø Çؼ³
 ±Û¾´ÀÌ : songgok
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2011³â ¼ö´É ¿Ü±¹¾î ¿µ¿ª 24¹ø Á¤´ä ¹× Çؼ³ - ¼Û°î´åÄÄ(songgok.com)
 
24. ´ÙÀ½ ºóÄ­¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¸»·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀ» °í¸£½Ã¿À
 
In a classic set of studies over a ten-year period, biologist Gerald Wilkinson found that, when vampire bats return to their communal nests from a successful night¡¯s foraging, they frequently vomit blood and share it with other nest-mates, including even non-relatives. The reason, it turns out, is that blood-sharing greatly improves each bat¡¯s chances of survival. A bat that fails to feed for two nights is likely to die. Wilkinson showed that the blood donors are typically sharing their surpluses and, in so doing, are saving unsuccessful foragers that are close to starvation. So the costs are relatively low and the benefits are relatively high. Since no bat can be certain of success on any given night, it is likely that the donor will itself eventually need help from some nest-mate. In effect, the vampire bats have created a kind of                    .
* forage: ¸ÔÀ̸¦ ã¾Æ ´Ù´Ï´Ù, »ç³ÉÇÏ´Ù
¨ç complex social hierarchy
¨è ecological diversity
¨é mutual insurance system
¨ê parasitic relationship
¨ë effective reproduction process
 
1. ³»¿ëÇ®ÀÌ
¾î¶² ÈíÇ÷¹ÚÁãµµ ¾î´À ³¯ ¹ã¿¡´Â ¸ÔÀ̸¦ ã´Âµ¥ ½ÇÆÐÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¸ÔÀ̸¦ ãÀº ³¯¿¡´Â µÕÁö¿¡ »ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÚÁãµé°ú ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÔ²² ³ª´«´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀÇ ±ÛÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â °ð »óÈ£°£¿¡ º¸ÇèÀ» µå´Â Çü½ÄÀÌ µÇ¹Ç·Î, ºóÄ­¿¡´Â ¡®»óÈ£ º¸Çè ü°è¡¯°¡ °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù. ¨ç º¹ÀâÇÑ »çȸÀÇ °è±Þ Á¦µµ, ¨è »ýÅ°èÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼º, ¨ê ±â»ý °ü°è, ¨ë È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹ø½Ä °úÁ¤
 
2. ±¸¹®Çؼ³
[In a classic set of studies over a ten-year period, biologist Gerald Wilkinson found that, when vampire bats return to their communal nests from a successful night¡¯s foraging, they frequently vomit blood and share it with other nest-mates, including even non-relatives.] * In a classic set of studies: ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ÇÑ ¼¼Æ®ÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ *over a ten-year period: 10³â¿¡ °ÉÄ£ *communal nests ÇÔ²² »ç´Â µÕÁö *a successful night¡¯s foraging: ¼º°îÀûÀÎ ¾ß°£ »ç³É *nest-mates µÕÁö¿¡ ÇÔ²² »ç´Â ¹ÚÁã *non-relative µ¿Á·ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ.
 
[The reason, it turns out, is that blood-sharing greatly improves each bat¡¯s chances of survival] * it turns outÀº »ðÀÔÀý [(It turns out that)the reason is that~] ÀÌÀ¯°¡ that ÀÌÇÏÀÓÀÌ ÀÔÁõµÇ´Ù.
 
[Wilkinson showed that the blood donors are typically sharing their surpluses and, in so doing, are saving unsuccessful foragers that are close to starvation]  *the blood donors: Ç÷¾× Á¦°øÀÚ(Ç÷¾×À» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ¹ÚÁã) *in so doing: ±×·¸°Ô Çؼ­(ÇÔÀ¸·Î) *unsuccessful foragers »ç³É¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÑ ¹ÚÁãµé *are close to starvation:°ÅÀÇ ¾Æ»ç¿¡ óÇÑ  *¿©±â¼­ that ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ÁÖ¾î´Â the blood donors ÀÌ°í µ¿»ç´Â are, and are µÎ °³·Î º´·Ä°ü°è¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç °¡¿îµ¥  in doing so´Â »ðÀÔ±¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
 
[Since no bat can be certain of success on any given night, it is likely that the donor will itself eventually need help from some nest-mate] *be certain of(that)~À» È®½ÅÇÏ´Ù *on any given night:¾î´À ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¹ã¿¡ *It is likely that ~ÀÏ °Í °°´Ù, ~ÇÒ °³¿¬¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù *from some nest-mate: µÕÁö¿¡ ÇÔ²² »ç´Â ¾î¶² ¹ÚÁãµé·ÎºÎÅÍ
 
3. ´Ü¾îÁ¤¸®
* classic ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ, °íÀüÀûÀÎ *biologist »ý¹°ÇÐÀÚ *vampire bat ÈíÇ÷¹ÚÁã *communal °øµ¿[°øÀ¯]ÀÇ *communal nests ÇÔ²² »ç´Â µÕÁö *forage Ç®À» ¸Ô´Ù, ¸ÔÀ̸¦ ã¾Æ ´Ù´Ï´Ù,»ç³ÉÇÏ´Ù*vomit ÅäÇÏ´Ù *nest-mates µÕÁö¿¡ ÇÔ²² »ç´Â ¹ÚÁã *blood-sharing ü¾×(ÇÇ)¸¦ ÇÔ²² ³ª´©´Â°Í *non-relative µ¿Á·ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ * turn out ÆǸíµÇ´Ù, ÀÔÁõµÇ´Ù *donor (Ç÷¾×¡¤Àå±â µîÀÇ) Á¦°øÀÚ *be likely to(that) ~ÀÏ °Í °°´Ù, ~ÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù *surplus ³ª¸ÓÁö, ÀÜ¿© * be close to ~¿¡ óÇÏ´Ù, ~¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇØ ÀÖ´Ù *starvation ±â¾Æ, ¾Æ»ç *unsuccessful foragers : ¿©±â¼­´Â ¸ÔÀ̸¦ ã´Âµ¥ ½ÇÆÐÇÑ ¹ÚÁãµéÀ» °¡¸®Å´. *relatively »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î *be certain of(that)~À» È®½ÅÇÏ´Ù *benefit ÀÌÀÍ, À̵æ in effect »ç½Ç»ó, ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â *hierarchy °è±ÞÁ¦µµ *ecological diversity »ýÅÂÇÐÀûÀÎ ´Ù¾ç¼º *mutual insurance system »óÈ£ º¸Çè ü°è *parasitic ±â»ýÇÏ´Â *reproduction ¹ø½Ä
 
4. Àü¹®Çؼ®
10³â¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ÇÑ ¼¼Æ®ÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ »ý¹°ÇÐÀÚÀÎ Gerald WilkinsonÀº ÇÏ·í¹ã¿¡ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ÔÀ̸¦ ã¾Æ´Ù´Ñ ÈíÇ÷¹ÚÁãµéÀÌ ÇÔ²² »ç´Â µÕÁö·Î µ¹¾Æ¿À¸é ±×µéÀº ºó¹øÈ÷ ü¾×(blood)À» ÅäÇس»¼­ ½ÉÁö¾î´Â µ¿Á·(ÔÒðé)ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¹ÚÁã±îÁö Æ÷ÇÔÇؼ­ µÕÁö¿¡¼­ ÇÔ²² »ç´Â ¹ÚÁãµé°ú ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÔ²² ³ª´«´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Æ³Â´Ù. ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ü¾×À» ÇÔ²² ³ª´®À¸·Î½á ¸ðµç ¹ÚÁãÀÇ »ýÁ¸ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ´ëÆøÀûÀ¸·Î Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ¹àÇôÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌƲ ¹ã µ¿¾È ¸ÔÀ̸¦ ¸ÔÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ¹ÚÁã´Â Á×À» °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ü¾×À» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ¹ÚÁã´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Àڱ⿡°Ô¼­ ³²´Â °ÍÀ» ÇÔ²² ³ª´©°í, ±×·¸°Ô Çؼ­¾Æ»ç¿¡ óÇÑ, ¸ÔÀ̸¦ ã´Âµ¥ ¼º°øÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ ¹ÚÁãµéÀ» ±¸ÇÑ´Ù°í WilkinsonÀº ¹àÇô³Â´Ù ±×·¡¼­ ºñ¿ëÀº ºñ±³Àû Àú·ÅÇÏ°í . ÀÌÀÍÀº ºñ±³Àû ³ô¾ÆÁø´Ù. ¾î¶² ¹ÚÁãµµ ¾î¶² ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¹ã¿¡ ¼º°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í È®½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ (ü¾×À» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â) ¹ÚÁã Àڽŵµ ¾ðÁ¨°¡´Â µÕÁö¿¡¼­ ÇÔ²² »ç´Â ¾î¶² ¹ÚÁã·ÎºÎÅÍ µµ¿òÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç½Ç »ó ÈíÇ÷¹ÚÁãµéÀº ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ »óÈ£ º¸Çè ü°è¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ³½ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
 
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