¼Û°î´åÄÄÀ» ½ÃÀÛÆäÀÌÁö·Î      ¼Û°î´åÄÄÀ» Áñ°Üã±â¿¡ 

| ÇÁ·ÎÇÊ | ¹ø¿ª | Àϱâ | ÆíÁö | Ç¥Çö | È°¿ë | ±âÃâÁö | 2015 | 14(B) | 14(A) | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | ½Ç¿ë | new | ¼º¹® | Q&A | »çÁø |

| ÁÖÀýÁÖÀý | ÀÚÀ۽à|







  µ¿½ÃÁ¢¼ÓÀÚ:     0151
 
ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ : 12/06/18
2011Çг⵵ ¼ö´É ¿Ü±¹¾î ¿µ¿ª 42¹ø Çؼ³
 ±Û¾´ÀÌ : songgok
Á¶È¸ : 7,420  


2011³â ¼ö´É ¿Ü±¹¾î ¿µ¿ª 42¹ø Á¤´ä ¹× Çؼ³ - ¼Û°î´åÄÄ(songgok.com)
 
42. ´ÙÀ½ ±ÛÀÇ Á¦¸ñÀ¸·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀ» °í¸£½Ã¿À
 
Richard Dawkins and John Krebs argued that although in some circumstances it might be appropriate to describe animal signals as transferring information, in many other, perhaps most, cases there would be such a conflict of interest between signaller and receiver that it is more accurate to describe the signaller as attempting to ¡®manipulate¡¯ the receiver rather than just inform it. For example, an angler fish that dangles a worm-like bit of skin in front of a small fish and catches it because the smaller fish snaps at the ¡®worm¡¯ can certainly be said to have carried out a successful manipulation of its prey. In this case, if information has been transferred, it is most definitely false.             
* dangle: ¸Å´Þ´Ù
¨ç Are Smaller Fishes Smarter?
¨è Talking Animals: Fact or Myth?
¨é Cooperation in the Animal World
¨ê Manipulation: Tricking the Signaller
¨ë Animal Messages: Not What They Seem
 
 
1. ³»¿ëÇ®ÀÌ
µ¿¹°µéÀÌ ¾î¶² ½ÅÈ£¸¦ º¸³¾ ¶§, ¶§·Î´Â °Ñº¸±â¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ¹Þ´Â µ¿¹°µéÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀÇ ±ÛÀ̹ǷÎ, Á¦¸ñÀ¸·Î ¨ë Animal Messages: Not What They Seem(µ¿¹°ÀÇ ¸Þ½ÃÁöµéÀÌ º¸ÀÌ´Â °Í°ú ´Ù¸£´Ù)ÀÌ °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÔ.
 
2. ±¸¹®Çؼ³
[Richard Dawkins and John Krebs argued / that although (in some circumstances) it might be appropriate to describe animal signals as transferring information, /(in many other, perhaps most, cases) / there would be such a conflict of interest between signaller and receiver / that it is more accurate to describe the signaller as attempting to ¡®manipulate¡¯ the receiver / rather than just inform it]
 
¡Ø It:°¡ÁÖ¾î, to describe~:ÁøÁÖ¾î ¡Ødescribe Ⓐas Ⓑ: Ⓐ¸¦ Ⓑ·Î ¹¦»ç(¼³¸í)ÇÏ´Ù ¡Ø such ~ that = so great~ that: ³Ê¹«³ª ~Çؼ­ ~ÇÏ´Ù ¡Ø it:°¡ÁÖ¾î/ to describe~:ÁøÁÖ¾î ¡Øattempting to ·Î ¿¬°áµÇ´Â manipulate¿Í rather than µÚÀÇ informÀº ¼­·Î º´·Ä°ü°è¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖÀ½. µû¶ó¼­ ¸¶Áö¸· itÀº the receiver¸¦ °¡¸®Å´. ¡Ørather than:Â÷¶ó¸® ~¶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â
 
 ⇢À§ ±¸¹® ÀÌÇØ°¡ µÇ³ª¿ä..? ¹®ÀåÀÌ ±æÁö¸¸ Àß »ìÆ캸¸é ´Ü¼øÇÑ ±¸¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. such~that, between ~and, °¡ÁÖ¾î/ÁøÁÖ¾î, describe Ⓐas Ⓑ, rather thanÀ¸·Î ¿¬°áµÇ´Â º´·Ä±¸Á¶. ÀÌÇØ°¡ ¾È°¡½Ã¸é ¸á ÁÖ¼¼¿ä..^^
 
 ¡æ ¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡¼­´Â(in some circumstances) µ¿¹°ÀÌ º¸³»´Â ½ÅÈ£µé(animal signals)À» Á¤º¸ Àü´Þ(transferring information)·Î ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀûÇÕÇÒÁö ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸, ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº °æ¿ì, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â(in many other, perhaps most, cases) ½ÅÈ£¸¦ º¸³»´Â µ¿¹°(signaller)°ú ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ¹Þ´Â µ¿¹°(receiver) »çÀÌÀÇ ÀÌÇØ°¡ ³Ê¹«µµ »ó¹Ý(a conflict of interest) µÇ¾î¼­, ´ÜÁö ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ¹Þ´Â µ¿¹°¿¡°Ô Á¤º¸¸¦ Àü´ÞÇѴٱ⺸´Ù´Â(rather than just inform it), ½ÅÈ£¸¦ º¸³»´Â µ¿¹°(the signaller)ÀÌ ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ¹Þ´Â µ¿¹°(the receiver)À» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â(attempting to ¡®manipulate¡¯) °ÍÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ º¸´Ù Á¤È®ÇÏ´Ù°í Richard Dawkins¿Í John Krebs´Â ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù
 
[For example, an angler fish (that dangles a worm-like bit of skin in front of a small fish and catches it because the smaller fish snaps at the ¡®worm¡¯) can certainly be said to have carried out a successful manipulation of its prey.]
 
¡Ø angler fish:¾Æ±Í ¡Øa worm-like bit of skin: ¹ú·¹ °°Àº ÇǺÎÁ¶°¢ ¡ØÁÖ¾î´Â an angler fishÀÌ°í µ¿»ç´Â can certainly be~ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÁÖ°Ý°ü°è´ë¸í»ç thatÀ¸·Î ¿¬°áµÇ´Â dangles¿Í catches´Â ¼­·Î º´·Ä°ü°è¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, µ¿»ç ÀÌÇÏ´Â ¿Ï·áºÎÁ¤»ç ½ÃÁ¦¸¦ º¸ÀÌ°í Àֳ׿ä. ¡Øcarry out: ¼öÇàÇÏ´Ù
 
¡Ø an angler fish can certainly be said to have carried out a successful manipulation of its prey. = It can be said that an angler fish has carried out~ = We can say that an angler fish has carried out~
 
¡æ ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¹ú·¹ °°Àº ÇǺÎÁ¶°¢(a worm-like bit of skin)À» ÀÛÀº ¹°°í±â ¾Õ¿¡(in front of a small fish) ´Þ¾ÆµÎ°í(dangles) ±×º¸´Ù ´õ ÀÛÀº ¹°°í±â(the smaller fish)°¡ ¡®¹ú·¹(°°Àº ÇǺÎÁ¶°¢)¡¯¸¦ ´þ½â ¹°±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±× °Í(´õ ÀÛÀº ¹°°í±â)À» Àâ´Â ¾Æ±Í´Â È®½ÇÈ÷ ±× ¸ÔÀ̸¦ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ÓÀÌ´Â °Í(a successful manipulation of its prey)À» ¼öÇàÇß´Ù°í È®½ÇÈ÷ ÀÏÄþî Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
 
[In this case, if information has been transferred, it is most definitely false]
¡æ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì(In this case) ¸¸¾à Á¤º¸°¡ ÀüÇØÁ³´õ¶óµµ ±×°ÍÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ À߸øµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
 
3. ´Ü¾îÁ¤¸®
* argue ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Ù, ³íÀïÇÏ´Ù *circumstance »óȲ, ȯ°æ *appropriate ÀûÀýÇÑ, ÀûÇÕÇÑ *describe Ⓐas Ⓑ: Ⓐ¸¦ Ⓑ·Î ¹¦»ç(¼³¸í)ÇÏ´Ù *transfer ¿Å±â´Ù, ÀüȯÇÏ´Ù *a conflict of interest ÀÌÇØ»ó¹Ý(conflict:ÅõÀï, ³íÀï, Ãæµ¹, °¥µî) *signaller ½ÅÈ£¿ø *attempt ½ÃµµÇÏ´Ù, ²ÒÇÏ´Ù *manipulate Á¶Á¾ÇÏ´Ù, ´É¼÷ÇÏ°Ô ´Ù·ç´Ù *angler fish ¾Æ±Í *snap ´þ¼® ¹°´Ù *manipulation ±³¹¦ÇÑ Ã³¸®[Á¶ÀÛ], ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö *carry out ¼öÇàÇÏ´Ù
 
4. Àü¹®Çؼ®
¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡¼­´Â µ¿¹°ÀÌ º¸³»´Â ½ÅÈ£µéÀ» Á¤º¸ Àü´Þ·Î ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀûÇÕÇÒÁö ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸, ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº °æ¿ì, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ½ÅÈ£¸¦ º¸³»´Â µ¿¹°°ú ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ¹Þ´Â µ¿¹° »çÀÌÀÇ ÀÌÇØ°¡ ³Ê¹«µµ »ó¹Ý µÇ¾î¼­, ´ÜÁö ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ¹Þ´Â µ¿¹°¿¡°Ô Á¤º¸¸¦ Àü´ÞÇѴٱ⺸´Ù´Â, ½ÅÈ£¸¦ º¸³»´Â µ¿¹°ÀÌ ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ¹Þ´Â µ¿¹°À» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ·Á°íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ º¸´Ù Á¤È®ÇÏ´Ù°í Richard Dawkins¿Í John Krebs´Â ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¹ú·¹ °°Àº ÇǺÎÁ¶°¢À» ÀÛÀº ¹°°í±â ¾Õ¿¡ ´Þ¾ÆµÎ°í ±×º¸´Ù ´õ ÀÛÀº ¹°°í±â°¡ ¡®¹ú·¹(°°Àº ÇǺÎÁ¶°¢)¡¯¸¦ ´þ½â ¹°±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±× °Í(´õ ÀÛÀº ¹°°í±â)À» Àâ´Â ¾Æ±Í´Â È®½ÇÈ÷ ±× ¸ÔÀ̸¦ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ÓÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ» ¼öÇàÇß´Ù°í È®½ÇÈ÷ ÀÏÄþî Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì ¸¸¾à Á¤º¸°¡ ÀüÇØÁ³´õ¶óµµ ±×°ÍÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ À߸øµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
 
¼Û°î´åÄÄ(songgok.com) - ¼Õ¹ü½Ä
 
   
 

Copyright ¨Ï 1998, songgok.com by Bum-Sik Son. update 2011, All rights reserved.